Contents Volume 1

Preface xi

1 Multicomponent Reactions for a Sustainable Organic Synthesis 1
Elena Cassera, Davide Ravelli, Mariateresa Giustiniano, and Maurizio Fagnoni

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Passerini Reaction 4
1.3 Ugi Reaction 9
1.4 Ugi-Joullié Reaction 15
1.5 Greenness of MCRs in Drug Preparation 21
1.6 Conclusion and Outlook 24

2 Light-triggered Multicomponent Reactions 33
Lorenzo Di Terlizzi and Stefano Protti

2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Photoredox Catalyzed MCRs 34
2.3 MCRs via Direct (d-HAT) or Indirect (i-HAT) Hydrogen Atom Transfer 40
2.4 MCRs via Halogen Atom Transfer 42
2.5 MCRs via Energy Transfer 45
2.6 Photochemical MCRs 46
2.7 Conclusions 50

3 Multicomponent Electrochemical Strategies for Modern Organic Synthesis 55
Rajesh Kumar, Vinay Thatikonda, and Upendra K. Sharma

3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Electrochemical Alkene Dicarbofunctionalization 56
3.3 Multicomponent Electrochemical Alkene Hetero-Difunctionalization 58
3.4 Four-component Electrochemical Alkene Difunctionalization 63
3.5 Multicomponent Electrochemical Synthesis of Five-membered N-Heterocycles 65
3.6 Gases as Renewable Feedstocks in Electrocatalysis 69
3.7 Conclusion 75

4 Mechanochemical Multicomponent Reactions 79
Francesco Basoccu, Dipak J. Fartade, and Andrea Porcheddu

4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Classical Mechanochemical MCRs 80
4.3 Pseudo-MCRs 95
4.4 Miscellaneous 103
4.5 Limitations and Challenges 110
4.6 Future Perspective 110
4.7 Conclusion 111

5 The Use of Microwave-assisted Multicomponent Reactions for the Synthesis of Heterocycles Containing Isatin or Organophosphorus Moiety 119
Dániel Steinsits and Erika Bálint

5.1 Introduction 119
5.2 Microwave-assisted Multicomponent Reactions of Isatins 121
5.3 Synthesis of Heterocycles Containing Organophosphorus Moiety 130
5.4 Summary and Conclusions 135

6 Biocatalytic Multicomponent Reactions 141
Camilla Russo, Flora Antoniou, and Daniele Castagnolo

6.1 Introduction 141
6.2 "True" Biocatalytic Multicomponent Reactions 143
6.3 Combined Biocatalytic Multicomponent Approaches 161
6.4 Summary and Conclusions 172

7 Isocyanide-based Multicomponent Reactions in Aqueous Media 185]
Mohammad Taghi Nazeri, Tahereh Nasiriani, Nuhaa Shaheed, and Ahmad Shaabani

7.1 Introduction 185
7.2 Synthesizing Cyclic Compounds 187
7.3 Synthesizing Acyclic Compounds 216
7.4 Challenges and Future Perspective in Water-based Media 230
7.5 Conclusion 231

8 Non-Isocyanide-based Multicomponent Reactions in Aqueous Media 243
Mohammad Taghi Nazeri, Tahereh Nasiriani, Nuhaa Shaheed, and Ahmad Shaabani

8.1 Introduction 243
8.2 Synthesizing Cyclic Compounds 245
8.3 Synthesizing Acyclic Compounds 267
8.4 Future Directions: Integrating Emerging Technologies 285
8.5 Conclusion 287

9 The Use of Nonconventional Solvents in Multicomponent Reactions 301
Yavar Ahmadi and Ali Ramazani

9.1 Introduction 301
9.2 Properties and Structure of Deep Eutectic Solvents 305
9.3 Multicomponent Reactions 307
9.4 DES in Multicomponent Reactions 308
9.5 Perspectives and Conclusions 317

10 Nanoreactors Technology in Multicomponent Reactions 325
Seyedmohammad Hosseininezhad, Melika Seydi, and Ali Ramazani

10.1 Introduction 325
10.2 Overview of MCRs 326
10.3 Overview of Nanoreactors 333
10.4 Applications of Nanoreactors in Key MCRs 336
10.5 Conclusion 364
10.6 Future Perspectives and Emerging Trends 365

11 Multicomponent Reactions in Automated Synthetic Chemistry 375
Imma Capriello and Ale